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- BUSINESS, Page 48Where Risk Hits Home
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- Ask most small investors if they would put money in junk
- bonds, and they would probably respond with a hearty no. But
- anyone who has a deposit in a savings and loan, holds an annuity
- from an insurance company, is vested in a pension plan, makes
- contributions to certain mutual funds or participates in a
- 401(k) retirement program probably has some exposure to the risk
- of junk bonds. In most cases, that is no cause for alarm. But
- in a few instances, investors have good reason to be wary.
-
- Despite their name, junk bonds -- more politely known as
- high-yield, high-risk bonds -- often serve a useful financial
- purpose. Companies that are too small to issue blue-chip bonds
- can use high-yield securities to raise money for expansion.
- Because their debt is considered riskier than the bonds of their
- larger brethren, the junk issuers must pay five percentage
- points or more above the prime rate.
-
- During most of the decade, junk-bond defaults ran at an
- annual rate of only 2% to 3%. But now that the economy is shaky,
- some analysts predict that defaults could hit 10% to 15% of the
- $200 billion market this year.
-
- While S&Ls own 7% of all junk bonds, depositors will be
- shielded from loss if a thrift runs into trouble because the
- Government insures deposits up to $100,000. But the junk-bond
- slump could increase the already enormous taxpayer cost of the
- Bush Administration's S&L bailout package (anywhere from $160
- billion to $300 billion), since the Government will have to sell
- the securities at a loss.
-
- Mutual funds own 30% of all junk bonds. Funds that promise
- "high income" or "high yield" are generally the ones that invest
- heavily in junk. Most prudent fund managers have been switching
- during the past year to more creditworthy issues, including
- Kroger and Fort Howard Paper. Yet the depressed market value of
- most junk securities means that fund investors who sell out now
- "will take some pretty substantial losses," according to Brian
- Ternoey, an employee-benefits consultant in Princeton, N.J., who
- advises clients to wait for the market to rebound.
-
- Insurance companies own another 30% of junk bonds. While
- most firms concentrate no more than 8% of their assets in the
- securities, a few have gone beyond the safety zone. Junk bonds
- account for more than 35% of the $19 billion in assets held by
- First Executive of Los Angeles.The firm's heavy reliance on junk
- may make it difficult for First Executive to meet its
- obligations, thus posing a danger to retirement funds that the
- company manages.
-
- Pension-fund holders should beware if their employer has
- terminated its retirement plan -- usually to tap excess cash --
- and replaced it with an annuity, a kind of insurance policy that
- pays income to the company's retirees on a regular basis. Revlon
- got its hands on $100 million in 1986, when it closed out its
- pension fund and bought an $85 million annuity -- from First
- Executive. A safety net protects employees in most states, which
- have agencies that insure private pension funds against default.
- The Federal Government guarantees many pensions as well. But it
- is uncertain how much protection this affords employees whose
- pension funds have been replaced by annuities. A few annuity
- holders could find their benefits drastically reduced.
-
- A number of 401(k) retirement plans may also be at risk.
- About 40% of 401(k) contributions are invested in guaranteed
- investment contracts -- obligations that pay back a fixed rate
- of return on the principal. Since insurance companies that sell
- GICs compete to offer the highest yield, some firms put the
- money into junk bonds. For 401(k) holders, the trouble is that
- the guarantee applies only to the interest. If a GIC seller runs
- into junk-bond trouble, the principal could be jeopardized.
-
- The best approach is to put retirement money into a range
- of solid companies. Prudential, for example, has invested only
- 2% of its assets in junk, while Aetna holds just 0.5%.
-
-
- By Christine Gorman. Reported by Andrew Webb/Chicago and James
- Willwerth/Los Angeles.
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- CAPTION: WHO OWNS JUNK BONDS
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- Mututal funds 30% Insurance companies 30%
- Pension funds 15% Foreign investors 9%
- Savings and loans 7% Individuals 5%
- Corporations 3% Securities dealers 1%
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- Source: Drexel Burnham Lambert
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